American Antebellum Slavery And The Civil War - 1949 Words

The dictionary definition of an apologist is, â€Å"one who speaks or writes in defense of someone or something.† It also defines elide as to, â€Å"to leave out of consideration.† Two key terms to understand when talking about American antebellum slavery. One might put their soul at ease by the enduring thought that southern slaves were treated amicably; however, this is not the truth. Slave holders and their apologist alike wanted their fellow citizens to feel as though their slaves were conditioned to superior treatment and conditions. Eliding that free black life and slavery were synonymous...This could not be portrayed more inaccurately. Ira Berlin introduces Solomon Northup s memoir, 12 Years A Slave, depicting slaves as, â€Å"cogs in a great†¦show more content†¦Moss might be used were it not that it directly breeds a swarm of flies.† Superior conditions, indeed. The slaves work in the field ceased at sunset, but this only began their second shi ft. All slaves had some form of chore they were responsible for, whether feeding the animals or cutting wood; conversely, when they get to retreat to their lavish cabins, the plantation hands proceeded to kindle their fire, ground corn mean in a small hand-mill and prep their food for their next day of leisurely field work. There was no rest for the weary. The women were forced into sexual submissions by their masters. The riches do not end there; there is more, Berlin describes the demeanor of the slaves in their submissions, â€Å"slaves learned to lower their eyes, take off their hats, and bare their heads in front of a white man – the â€Å"down-cast eyes and uncovered head – in the attitude and language of a slave.† Southern slaveholders in the 19th century were completely delusional...The claim, that their slaves were treated superior, was merely to ease their own subconscious; moreover, they presumed that this mentality would give them a chance to hide b ehind false pretenses, then maybe, the rest of the world would not get a glimpse into their sick and demented ways. However, slaveholders trying to persuade society of this mindset, are nothing more than awful jesters that are notShow MoreRelatedPeter Kolchin : American Slavery review1708 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom John Hopkins University. He now specializes in nineteenth-century U.S. history, the South, slavery and emancipation, and comparative history. In his career he has written many books on slavery including Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom and First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama s Blacks to Emancipation and Reconstruction (Peter Kolchin...). In 1993, his third book American Slavery was published and 10 years later a revised copy was released which featured a new preface andRead MoreThe Great Awakening Of The Antebellum Period1524 Words   |  7 PagesThe Antebellum Period was the time after the War of 1812 and just before the Civil War (Lapsansky-Werner ). With the growing cotton plantation in the south, more slaves were needed and more slaves needed to escape (Antebellum Period.). While the Antebellum Period brought the Second Great Awakening and Westward Expansion, it is also known for the uprising of abolition and anti versus pro slavery arguments (Antebellum Period.). The antebellum period was overall a pivotal point in slavery and slaveRead MoreThe Rise of the Anti-Slavery Movement in the US Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of America, the struggle between white and black Americans is by the far the most complex and long standing issue. Beginning with first contact between white Europeans and Africans during the English colonial period, Africans were immediately labeled with terms including savage and heathen. During the Antebellum period, institution of chattel slavery in America certain ideas of what the black man’s role in society became widely known and accepted. Stereotype such as the SamboRead MoreAmerican Civil War and Religion Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the important subjects during the civil war was Religion even though it received minor attention until recent years. Historians have considered civil war an important story of war; however, religion rose as an important factor with many publications. For example â€Å"Religion and the American Civil War† is a collection of essays and poems by various writers (Harry S. Stout, George Reagan Wilson, etc.1) A survey of the civil war history from around 1970 to the present provides a very extensiveRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War688 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Civil war was a series of transactions, or exchanges, between the North and the South. These transactions involved over 1 million Americans who put their lives at risk for the liberation of the country’s slaves. These transactions were influenced by three paramount concepts: perspectives, values, and relative evaluations of costs and benefits. In the midst of this tumultuous period of time in American history, these concepts shaped not just the people themselves but the social, politicalRead MoreAmerican History: The Development of the Ironwork Industry in Alabama1088 Words   |  5 Pages The perspective of many historians and textbooks usually consist of the same general understanding of specific issues in American history. For example, key events or battles such as _____, or common trends that aid in t he understanding of how society operated at that point in history. However, many American history textbooks avoid the topic of widespread manufacturing industries in the south, and their simultaneous development with the much more powerful agricultural industry. Set in the Deep SouthRead MoreThis Document Discusses The Narrative Of One Of The Most1136 Words   |  5 Pages This document discusses the narrative of one of the most recognizable civil rights advocates, and the most famous African American abolitionist during the antebellum period of America s history, Fredrick Douglass. The excerpt is taken from one of the versions of Douglass’s autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, published in 1845-era Boston, Massachusetts. The original version of this excerpt could be found in his autobiography from pages 39 – 43. This excerptRead MoreThe North And South Regions Of The United States1391 Words   |  6 Pageshome to a state con gress and governor. However, during the antebellum period of the United States everything wasn’t as blissful as it is today. The antebellum period is the period after the War of 1812 and before the Civil War in 1861. Some people may say that the Antebellum period was a period of great awakening with a lot of prosperity because of manufacturing, while others may say it was a dark time in the nation s history due to slavery. During this time, the country was divided and was newlyRead MoreTraditional Views Of The Antebellum South986 Words   |  4 PagesTraditional views of the Antebellum South oftentimes ignore class divides within the American South. African-Americans and Whites are oftentimes viewed as being divided by race with all Whites and African-Americans being equal. However these ideals ignore the seventy-five percent of southerners which did not own slaves and the steep divides between African-American slaves with different roles. Primary sources from authors who experienced the Antebellum South, the American Civil War, and, or ReconstructionRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery In Soul By Soul By Walter Johnson1250 Words   |  5 PagesWhen referring to the history Antebellum America, the two things that shape our country are the expansion of slavery and the expansion of the Market Revolution. In the novel Soul by Soul, by Walter Johnson, the author exploits the effects of slavery on the people involved with slave trade in the south. It also shows the reader just how vital slavery is to the Market Revolution, and how the consumers culture, in turn, shaped personal identities. Both slavery and the Market Revolution shaped presidential

Organization Structures Used By International Firms

9) What are the pros and cons associated with various organization structures used by international firms (4.2)? Let us now have a look at the various organization structures used by Multinational organizations. a) International division structure The international division structure looks after all the international businesses of the company. All the international businesses directly report to the international division structure. The major disadvantage of this structure is that the international business structure has to depend on the domestic divisions. The profits generated cannot be streamlined entirely towards international business improvement. b) Functional division structure The disadvantage of functional division structure is that this structure suits the companies with limited product range and with limited customers. Large companies with many units cannot afford to have this structure because the coordination between units and divisions will become unstable as the units start developing. The advantages are that it is popular for small businesses. This structure does not require lot of overhead expenses like accounting fee, rent, and wages. c) Product division structure The advantage of product division structure is that the managers and employees of the firm can have full knowledge about the products their division manufactures. The production rate also increases as the managers have access to local raw materials which are cheap. The marketing also becomesShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business911 Words   |  4 Pagesemployee involvement. Organizational structures must also be flexible enough to change with changing market conditions. 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In his words, ‘this was management’s attempt to draw a map of whom they want to do what’ (Lorsch, 1977, p. 3) .So a mature and scientific organizational structure is an essential factor that a successful organization requires. I got an internship in a law officeRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Apple Inc.1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthat an organization or an individuals, feels obliged to act so that the benefit is felt across the organization. It is that duty that every individual has of performing so as to ensure proper maintenance of balancing amid the economy and the organizational ecosystems. Apple Inc. has a well outlined social responsibility that works to ensure its smooth operations and that it gives back to the community in equal measures like the later benefits it. 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Questions on Law Remedies and Costs

Question: Describe about the Questions on Law for Remedies and Costs. Answer: A contract is a promise or set of promises between two parties whereby one party promises to do something in exchange of receiving consideration from the other party. Such consideration has to have an economic value (Treitel and Peel, 2015). This creates a legally binding contract between the two parties. Such contract is enforceable by law. A contract can be in two forms, a written and an oral (Department of State Development, 2016). A written contract is such an agreement where all the terms are written and signed by the parties. An oral contract however, does not have any such writings. It is a mere exchange of binding words which are enforceable by law. An agreement, whether written or oral, has to be followed as per the terms. A contract has certain elements and these include capacity, intention, certainty, consideration, offer and acceptance (Jacobs, 1985). First and foremost, an offer has to be made for a contract and then such contract has to be clearly accepted by the other party. A mere counter offer does not form an acceptance. A contract has to involve a consideration of economic value (Carter, 2007). Most importantly, an intention to enter into the contract has to be present in the parties otherwise the whole purpose of a contract is lost. The parties to the contract have to be of contractual capability. And lastly, a certainty regarding the terms of the contract is essential to form an enforceable contract. In the present case, Richard and his father entered into an agreement whereby Richard had to mow the family property and do a bit to keep the gardens tidy. In return, a consideration of $200 was fixed which was to be paid by Richards father. The previous garden contractor was paid $350 for the same job. But this does not invalidate the consideration fixed in this case. The parties to contract are free to fix the consideration between them, as long as it has an economic value. So, in this case, an offer was made, an acceptance was attained and a proper consideration was set making this an enforceable contract (The Law Handbook, 2015). An intention to enter into the contract was present between the parties at the time of formation of the contract (Frey and Frey, 2005). A certainty regarding the terms of the contract was also present. So, this whole agreement was a valid and legally enforceable contract between Richard and his father. After four weeks, Richards father told him that he cannot afford to pay Richard $200 a week. He further stated that as a family, it was Richards responsibility to tend the garden and also, that Richard he getting free board and lodging. Family agreements are usually not taken as legally binding. But where clear evidence is present to the contrary, such agreements are binding. In the famous case of Errignton V Errignton, it was held that a fathers promise to allow his daughter in law and son to live in the house and ultimately own it, if the balance of mortgage was paid, was considered as an enforceable contract (Australian Contract Law, 2010). Applying the judgment of this case in the matter of Richard and his father, the agreement between them was an enforceable contract. When a party goes back on its promise, upon which the contract was based, and the consequences of such, result in material harm to the other party, the aggrieved party can claim damages by reasons of breach of contract. Here, Richard was an impoverished university student and his father was a millionaire. If Richard had not worked for his father, he would have been working somewhere else and earning money. Richard was not rich like his father and needed the money as it was his source of income. This can be further explained by taking the case where the garden contractor was still working for Richards father. If the said garden contractor was still working in the garden and doing tasks which Richard is now doing as per the agreement, Richards father would have paid him $350 per week. This amount was nearly double to what Richards father was paying to Richard. It does not matter that Richards father was providing Richard free boarding and lodging. Had Richard not been doing the garden tending activities, he would still have received such boarding and lodging. So, this does not affect the agreement made between Richard and his father in any way. The agreement between Richard and his father was made for a particular purpose of tending the garden. The agreement nowhere stated that free boarding and lodging would be provided in exchange of this work. Such terms were also not present in the agreement between Richards father and the garden contractor. This further strengthens the fact that free boarding and lodging was not part of the agreement. In this case, Richard has discharged his part of the agreement by performing the terms of contract. But on Richards father part, a breach of contract occurred. And so, Richard is eligible to damages as a result of material breach of contract. Damages for breach of contract are viewed as an alternative for performance. Here, the loss of consideration is material in nature and hence, Richard would be successful if he sued his father for a breach of contract. He can claim damages of consideration and apart from that he is also eligible for the mental distress this whole incident caused (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016). Further, Richard has the right to terminate this contract. There is enough evidence in the present case to prove that an enforceable contract was formed. And by not following the terms of the contract, Richards father has established a breach of contract. And the legal remedies regarding such breach is a viable legal option available with Richard. 2. When an actor is hired for any acting job, they are usually required to sign a contract with the employer. This establishes the terms of contract clearly and removes any chances of ambiguity in the contract. Such acting contracts contain the employment terms, the dates and hours, compensation, exclusivity, merchandising and promotion and publicity services (Atkinson, 2013). An exclusivity term in the contract limits the actors right to engage in any other acting employment. This can include a prohibition from appearing in other productions during or even after a certain period of time. This term is a standard form in acting contracts and is considered valid. Further, exclusivity is not considered as a restriction to trade and commerce. When a party to a contract, fails to perform the terms of the contract, it is the case of breach of a contract by such party (Lindgren, 2011). A contract can be breached by reasons of failure to perform or failure to pay or violation of some other term of contract which is of material significance. In other words, the basis on which the contract is made, a promise, is not fulfilled or broken. A breach can be partial or material or even anticipatory. A partial breach is a failure to perform those tasks which are negligible or immaterial. Unless actual damage is shown, a party cannot sue the other party. In cases of material breach of contract, a major violation of significant terms of contract takes place. A material breach of contract can relieve an aggrieved party from performing his part of contract and gives him definitive right to sue for damages (Gibson and Fraser, 2013). An anticipatory breach of contract results when one party stops acting in accordance to the terms of contract which leads the other party to believe that the first party has no intention of fulfilling the obligations. An aggrieved party can sue breach of contract in form of damages, without actually waiting for the breach to occur (McKendrick and Qiao, 2015). When a breach of contract occurs, party can sue for damages and is also entitled to remedies. Specific performance is one of such remedies available to an aggrieved party (Barnett and Harder, 2014). Specific performance not available as a matter or right but has to be awarded at the discretion of the court. Specific performance is an order of the court which requires a party to perform certain tasks which are stated in the contract. It is classified as an equitable remedy and is an alternative to awarding damages. Equitable remedies are awarded by the court on the basis of what is fair and what seems right in a particular situation. Such remedies are different in each case and it is not necessary to follow the earlier remedies awarded or to stick to the established common laws. These remedies require discretion of court so that court can measure all the aspects of the case and then give the equitable justice to the aggrieved party (Ayres and Klass, 2012). Equitable remedies are flexible in nature and ensure that each situation has its adequate justice. It is worth noting that equitable remedies are not used as often as the legal remedies (like damages). Equitable remedies are awarded only when the monetary damages are either inadequate to the harm done to the aggrieved party or are difficult to calculate. As stated above, specific performance is one of such remedies available to an aggrieved party whereby he court can ask the breaching party to do the tasks mentioned in the contract. An injunction is also a form of equitable remedy whereby a court prevents a breaching party from doing certain things (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). So, by awarding an injunction order, a court can order a person to not do something which would result in loss to the aggrieved party. Injunctions are issued as a remedy at the end of any lawsuit where a breach of contract has been claimed. These are in the nature of permanent injunction. Temporary injunctions are awarded for a shorter period of time and are effectively immediately. Such injunctions are usually awarded before the start of a formal lawsuit. Lastly, a preliminary injunction can also be awarded by the court. These are also temporary in nature but are awarded till the time the proceedings of the case go on in the court (Elliot, 2011). In the given case, Joe entered into an exclusivity contract with Frere Bros, for a period of five years. As per this contract, Joe was prohibited from working in any film which was not made by Frere Bros. but, in the first year only, Joe entered into a contract with Pretty Pictures to star in their film. Here, Joe clearly breached the terms of the contract. And as a result Frere Bros have various remedies available as an aggrieved party. As a matter of right, Frere Bros is entitled to damages. Upon suing Joe, Frere Bros would be entitled to damages in form of a sum which would restore the economic position that Frere Bros expected from the exclusive acting performance by Joe. This sum would be fixed by the court. Further, Frere Bros can show that monetary damages are not adequate for such breach. And can request the court to order specific performance of the terms of the contract and an injunction to stop the breaching party from undertaking certain task. Frere Bros can also request the court to stop Joe from acting in the movie of Pretty Pictures as it would result not only in economical damages, but incomputable loss of revenue, which would have resulted, if Joe had only performed in their movies. Frere Bros can attain an injunction order against Joe which would ensure that Joe does not work in a movie other than that of Frere Bros. To conclude, in the given case, Joe had breached the exclusivity contract which he entered with Frere Bros but entering into an acting contract with Pretty Pictures. Frere Bros have equitable remedies in this case. Firstly, they are entitled to specific performance whereby a court can order Joe to only work in Frere Bros movies for the stated period of five years, as per the contract. Secondly, Frere Bros can get an injunction order against Joe to stop him from acting in the movie scheduled to be made by Pretty Pictures. References Atkinson, G. (2013) Acting Contracts. [Online] LegalMatch. Available from: https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/acting-contracts.html [Accessed on 06/09/16] Australian Contract Law (2010) Errington v Errington [1952] 1 KB 290. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/errington.html [Accessed on 06/09/16] Australian Law Reform Commission (2016) Remedies and Costs. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/12-remedies-and-costs/damages#_ftn1 [Accessed on 06/09/16] Ayres, I., and Klass, G. (2012)Studies in Contract Law. 8th ed. New York: Foundation Press. Barnett, K., and Harder, S. (2014) Remedies in Australian Private Law. UK: Cambridge University Press Carter, J W. (2007) Contract law in Australia. 5th ed. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths. Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Department of State Development (2016) Contract Law. [Online] Government of South Australia. Available from: https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/crime-justice-and-the-law/contract-law [Accessed on 06/09/16] Elliot, C. (2011) Contract Law. 8th ed. London: Pearson. Frey, H.P., and Frey, M.A. (2005) Essentials of Contract Law. 3rd ed, Portland: Delmar Cengage Learning. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2013) Business Law 2014. NSW: Pearson Australia Jacobs, E.J. (1985). The Battle of the Forms: Standard Term Contracts in Comparative Perspective. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 34 (2), pp 297-316. Lindgren, K.E. (2011) Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th ed, Australia: LexisNexis. McKendrick, E., and Qiao, L. (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan The Law Handbook (2015) Elements of a Contract. [Online] The Law Handbook. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/ [Accessed on 06/09/16] Treitel, G.H., and Peel, E. (2015) The Law of Contract.14th ed, London: Sweet Maxwell.

Some people have the view that British generals like Haig were incompetent leaders Essay Example

Some people have the view that British generals like Haig were incompetent leaders Essay The First World War was a horrific war that started on the 28 July 1914 and lasted until the 11 November 1918. The two sides who fought in the War were The Triple Entente and The Triple Alliance. France and Belgium was the meeting point of these sides. And so most of the fighting that Britain was involved in took place in these two countries – across the Western Front. In order to protect them and have some private planning time, both sides dug trenches; however the trenches were overcrowded, wet and muddy, they also became the final resting place for millions of young men. These once simple shelters had transformed into complex defensive systems by 1915. Trench-foot was a common disease due to the muddy conditions; feet turned gangrenous and in many cases led to amputation. The soldiers were never alone in the trenches; many creatures also made the trenches their home. These creatures were to play a big role in the health of the fighting soldiers as they were all carriers of disease and infections and they ate the dead human bodies. Creatures include rats, mice and lice. Infantry charged replaced the cavalry charge; the main tactic used was going ‘over the top’ however defenders swept the advancing attackers with machine gun fire, and even when the attackers captured forward positions it was impossible for them to keep them. Also, artillery became more powerful compared to the old inaccurate guns that were once used. Weapons included the Bayonet, Lee Enfield rifle, hand grenades and the eight bullets a second machine gun. Tanks were another weapon used to crush barbed wire and spray the enemy with machine gunfire. We will write a custom essay sample on Some people have the view that British generals like Haig were incompetent leaders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Some people have the view that British generals like Haig were incompetent leaders specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Some people have the view that British generals like Haig were incompetent leaders specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However the tanks were still not developed enough; they moved very slowly and they were not most broke before reaching the German’s trenches. The Battle of the Somme was the biggest disaster in the whole of the First World War. The initial plan was an attack on the enemy by the French with British support, however the tables turned and Germany attacked Verdun. An offensive was launched around the River Somme to divert attention away from Verdun where the French were close to surrender. Sir Douglas Haig was appointed leader of this offensive. Haig was born in Edinburgh on 19 June 1861 into a wealthy family who owned a whisky business. He studied at Oxford University and the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst. He then served as a cavalry officer for nine years, mainly in India. He also took part in the Sudan campaign (1897 1898) and the Boer War (1899 1902). The objective of the offensive was to gain territory, to ease the violence of the French and to kill as many German people as possible. The initial plan was a twelve hour bombardment which meant that thousands of Germans would be killed; barbed wire and machine gun positions would also be destroyed. On the first day of July 1916 at 7:28 am the offensive started with the explosion of 5 mines placed under German territory. At 7:30 am, thousands of soldiers were ordered b Haig and other leaders to walk up to the German frontline. The place that the infantry walked enable the German time to set up their machine guns and within hours around 60,000 soldiers were hit – a third of them killed. However Haig and the leaders did not change their tactics until the end of the war. An historical interpretation is when an event id described from different points of view. Evidence (e. g. secondary research), personal interpretation of an event and opinion all play a big role of a historical interpretation. A historical interpretation can also change with the time because new evidence always comes to light. The Battle of the Somme is one of the events that have been interpreted. Many historians argue that the Battle of the Somme was a disaster because leaders like Haig used the wrong tactics and out-of-date methods like the infantry charge which resulted in many casualties. These leaders believed that if they did it often enough and with enough men then they would wear the Germans down and eventually break through, which did happen but it cost too many lives. However other historians will interpret the event differently and say that so many lives were lost due to the weaponry used(the shells that were intended at the German lines were made by inexperienced munitions workers and only a third of them went off. ), the German tactics and inexperienced soldiers and leaders like Haig were not to blame. Interpretations about leaders like Haig have unsurprisingly changed overtime. Criticisms of leaders like Haig began to appear during the war. In July 1916, Haig was criticised by many including Winston Churchill and resentment was apparent between Prime Minister Lloyd George and Haig. At the same time everyone wanted to portray an image of leaders like Haig as an inspiring, and good commander who was a good role model for his troops. By the 1920s people wanted to forget all that happened and move on. For ten years, all the evidence seemed to support leaders like Haig, after the British did win the war. However historians began to claim that there was a government cover-up in favour of generals like Haig and by the end of the 1920s attitudes began to drastically change. Books were beginning to criticise leaders like Haig and blaming them for the horror and pointlessness of the war. By 1930s people began to realise that the First World War was not the ‘war end all wars’ as promised. The first interpretation â€Å"leaders like Haig are incompetent† is shown in source B1. This is a source written by John Laffin, a military historian that researched the war from soldiers’ viewpoint. This source clearly expresses that generals like Haig are to be blamed for large amount of soldiers that died and that these leaders should never be forgiven for the disaster. Laffin earned his living by taking people on tours around the battlefield this makes him trustworthy because he would have to teach people the right information in order to make the tour successful. The source was written in 2003 which makes the source reliable because there was a lot of evidence that Laffin could have used to produce the source. However the fact that information given to the people on tour was based on soldiers’ viewpoints makes the source unreliable because the majority of soldiers would probably have a negative viewpoint of the war because of the amount of soldiers that died. Also, in the period between the end of the war and 2003, interpretations of what happened in the Battle of the Somme significantly changed and Laffin seems to ignore them all and use the negative viewpoints of the soldiers. The source is also limited because the source, an extract from a book, could have been intended for a certain audience and will inevitably have Laffin’s opinion which is based on the negative feedback he researched. Also, the title of the book that Laffin wrote â€Å"British Bunglers and Bunglers of World War One† automatically alludes us to the opinion of Laffin, that leaders like Haig were the reason why so many men were killed. Laffin suggests that leader’s like Haig were responsible for the slaughter of many soldiers. In summary the source is useful because it helps us understand, whether true or not, why people think that these leaders were incompetent because â€Å"they knew what they were doing†, for example the leaders used out-of date methods, General Douglas Haig had insisted in using cavalry like he did on the dry African Plains. One way in which people interpret leaders like Haig are incompetent is because of his tactics; this is seen in Source B2 which describes leaders like Haig as murderers, and this source could’ve been used by Laffin to generate his interpretation in the previous source. The source is a diary written by a Private who fought in the Battle of the Somme. Diaries are not intended for public use, therefore the writer will write his true opinions in the diary entry, however the opinion will obviously biased, and his opinion is clear in the source that leaders like Haig should be â€Å"hung, drawn and quartered†. The fact that he was a solider fighting in the Somme makes the source reliable because he witnessed what had happened on July 1916; he had to witness the people he had fought alongside being killed because of the instructions that were given by leaders like Haig therefore he would have an instant negative opinion of leaders like Haig. The date that the source was written, 1916, makes the source reliable because it was at the exact time that the battle of the Somme happened therefore it would be accurate portrayal of what was happening at the beginning of the Battle of the Somme. In conclusion the source is useful and reliable because it is from a soldier who actually fought in the devastating battle therefore the opinion would be a valid one; he actually witnessed all the killing and was probably instructed to follow the same fate as the rest of the men. Laffin would have used Smith’s opinion to his advantage in order to come up with his own interpretation because it supports his opinion. Next, it’s not just historians that criticise Haig’s competence as shown in source B4 where British Prime Minister David Lloyd George says that General Douglas Haig was a â€Å"second-rate commander†. The source is reliable because the Prime Minister wrote the source during World War One – he would have been given information about the vast numbers of those who died especially on the first day of the battle of the Somme; thus, the negative attitude towards leaders like Haig is not surprising. According to some research I have undertaken, Lloyd George was a successful political journalist and the information in the book was well-researched; one of his sources being the Cabinet Minutes in which he looked over the military details. However the fact that the Prime Minister David Lloyd George was talking about his war-time experiences is very ironic because he didn’t fight during the war and didn’t know about the other conditions that the soldiers had to live through e. g. trench foot. The source is also limited because it is evident that the source was intended to portray a certain message; the book seems to establish Lloyd George’s reputation as a war leader and at the same time destroy the reputation of Haig and leaders like Haig. In conclusion the source is reliable and useful because Lloyd George’s interpretation of events, whether true or not, seems to come from a good source i. e. the Cabinet Minutes. This source could have been used by Laffin as the source is the opinion of one of the most important men at the time of the war and this opinion supports the interpretation generate by Laffin. Next, leaders like Haig were known to stay in the communication trenches, which were miles away from the front line, whilst the soldiers lived in trenches near the front line. Also, it is obvious that these commanders did not fight in the battle but just gave the orders. This is shown in source B6, a cartoon about World War One leadership published in 1917 by a satirical magazine. The source clearly explains that leaders like Haig were absent during â€Å"the real thing†. The source is reliable because it was written during the war and by 1917 criticisms of leaders like Haig were beginning to surface. The source is also reliable because a lot of research would have been undertaken in order to confidentially publish this article especially because leaders like Haig were still seen as inspiring awe-commanders. However, the magazine will have to be sold and therefore have to entertain the audience; the purpose of the source makes the source unreliable because the source is inevitably exaggerated. The date in which the source is written also limits the source because February 1917 was only 6 months into the battle and therefore the whole picture is not given in this illustration. Overall the source is reliable and useful because it helps us understand that some people thought that the absence of the leaders could have been one of the most important factors which led to so many deaths; a lot of people blamed it on inexperienced soldiers yet the experienced generals were kept hidden. Laffin could have used this source to come up with his own interpretation because this viewpoint because it shows that leaders like Haig were not as inspiring and awe commanding as they were perceived to be but people who didn’t follow their own old tactics. In conclusion, source B1, B2, B4, and B6 are all useful and reliable in helping me understand why leaders like Haig were labelled as incompetent. Firstly, source B1 is a direct interpretation itself which blatantly expresses that leaders like Haig were incompetent. Secondly, source B2 tells me that leaders like Haig were viewed as incompetent because of the tactics he used. This backs up my knowledge; leaders like Haig used old tactics. On the 1st of July 1916 leaders like Haig enforced the tactic that led many to their deaths: infantry. This made sure that the men slowly walked across to the German trenches after heavy bombardment, which itself was a failure, this slow pace allowed the Germans to re-establish themselves and launch their defence. Source B4 also alludes to the opinion that leaders like Haig’s tactics were not good and were useless on such an â€Å"immense battlefield†. Source B6 suggests that the inexperienced soldiers had a part to play in the disaster but it was not their fault but of the fault of the experienced leaders like Haig who were not willing to join in the fighting. These sources increase my understanding as to why so many historians argue that leaders like Haig were incompetent. From the sources I have chosen, I am able to understand that historians believe that if leaders like Haig tried other tactics and participated more in the battle then it wouldn’t have ended in such a disaster. I think based on the amount of people who died just on the first day that this interpretation is a valid one. However, other historians have interpreted that leaders like Haig are competent and believe that leaders were not to blame for the Battle of the Somme. This interpretation is shown in source B9, it explains that leaders like Haig were not incompetent and the reason why so much people died was due to other factors. This source is reliable because of the date in which it was written; this allowed the author, John Terraine, to use enough evidence that had been researched throughout the years up until 1980. Terrain is a historian which means he is able to analyse and assess sources well, this makes the source reliable because Terrain would have analysed each source and I assume that Terraine used reliable and most useful ones to come up with his interpretation. The source is also unreliable because it is intended for people to buy the book and therefore a certain level of exaggeration and entertainment will be present. In the source Terraine says that leaders like Haig â€Å"rose to challenge after challenge† however leaders like Haig remained in the communication trenches whilst the privates fought the blood stained war, thus they didn’t rise to any challenge. Also between the war and 1980 many different interpretations have arisen yet Terraine seems to ignore all of these new interpretations, he has focused on the interpretation that these so called war heroes were not to blame and the fault was due to the other contributing factors which worsened life for the soldiers in the trenches like trench foot. Source B1 is an example of an interpretation which supports the interpretation that leaders like Haig are incompetent. The author of this source, John Laffin, researched the war from soldier’s viewpoints and has been able to come with a negative interpretation. However, source B11 is written by a former soldier who was gassed during the Battle of the Somme and brought to Britain because of it. Liddell Hart, writing to the Daily Express, says that the leadership was excellent and â€Å"flawless†. The source is reliable because Liddell Hart was actually present during the Battle therefore his opinion should be based on what he witnessed and leadership skills of leaders like Haig. The source is also useful because it helps us think of the other factors that caused the soldiers to die if it wasn’t because of the leadership. Both sides did not know how to use the new weaponry correctly, for example gas. Gas was a new form of defence, it was a very deadly weapon and it killed alot of people; mustard gas ensured that the lungs had dissolved in a matter of hours causing a slow and painful death. On the other hand, the source is limited because Liddell Hart was invalided back to Britain in December which means he did not witness the whole war therefore we are not getting the whole picture of how leadership was. We can infer the source and say that the purpose of the source can somewhat make the source unreliable. In more depth, the Daily Express would publish this letter and in order to keep the British morale high nothing negative would have to be published. The British public want to know that their loved ones are in the safe hands of good leaders and therefore this source helps achieve this for them. Overall, the source is useful and reliable because it helps us understand why others do not blame leaders like Haig for the vast amount of deaths. Terraine could use this source to create his own interpretation because it clearly states that leaders like Haig were great therefore alluding to the opinion that the leaders like Haig were not to blame for the disaster. Some historians believe that the inexperienced soldiers should be blamed for the vast majority of deaths. Source B13 are diary entries that belonged to Haig himself which he used as the bass for his reports to the War Cabinet. The diary entries are dated the 31st of June and 1st of July 1916 which makes the source the source reliable because it is a day before and the actual date of the first day of the Somme. Haig says that on the men are in â€Å"splendid spirits† which suggests that the soldiers were unprepared the soldiers were for the disaster that was going to happen and how much they underestimated the German army. Perhaps these soldiers are the inexperienced ones; a lot of soldiers at the time were inexperienced due to conscription and propaganda; people just wanted to fight for their country. Haig also says that the soldiers â€Å"have never before been so instructed and informed† which suggests that the leadership was so good that no-one was in doubt of the upcoming task. The source is also reliable because a diary contains someone’s inner thoughts and feelings that aren’t really revealed to anyone, assuming that these diary entries are Haig’s real thoughts and feelings (a leader wouldn’t want to send many to their slaughter without feeling bad even if it was for the right reasons). According to research, Haig was a brilliant self-publicist that was recognised throughout the nation, if we infer the source we can say that the diary entry was just another means of propaganda. The source is also limited because Haig says that the attack on the 1st of July 1916 was a â€Å"very successful attack† however he does not mention the reasons as to why it was such a success. Overall, the source is not very useful or reliable because the person behind the source is the actual person who different historians argue for and against. Haig would obviously want to perceive himself as a great leader therefore making this source unreliable. Historians who share the same interpretation as Terraine could use this source to form their interpretation that support leaders like Haig because this source shows that the leadership was good enough and the men seemed happy with the instructions they were given, therefore it is not the fault of the leaders. Terraine could have also used this source because it suggests that the German defences lost more men than the British because they were â€Å"short of men† whereas the British troops were â€Å"full of confidence†. Many historians argue that if leaders like Haig were to blame for the disasters, why were there so much people welcoming them home. This is shown in source B15, a photograph which shows the welcoming of Haig home in 1919. The fact that it is a photograph makes the source reliable because it is a still image of time that cannot be changed, and they did not have the technology at the time to edit the photo to such detail. The source is also useful because it shows that alot of people did not think that leaders like Haig were incompetent hence the large amount of people that were there to welcome home their so called ‘hero. However, the provenance of source is unknown therefore this makes the source unreliable – for all we know this photograph could have been taken by the government for propaganda purposes. The source is also limited because it does show any other interpretations after 1919; by the 1930s people began to question the competence of leaders like Haig but by the 1960s balanced arguments had formed. In summary the source is reliable and useful because it outlines the interpretations from straight after the war even if they did begin to change. Terrain could of used this source to aid him create his own interpretation because the source clearly illustrates that leaders like Haig were generally respected and were seen as war heroes, and as a result of them adaptingâ€Å" themselves to constant change with astonishing success† so many people turned up to welcome them home. In conclusion source B9, B11 and B15 are all useful and reliable in helping me understand why historians believe that leaders like Haig were good leaders. Source B9 suggests that leaders like Haig fought their part of the war just as much as all the other soldiers, however all other evidence argues against this idea. Although leaders like Hag might not have fought the war physically, I think that the job of trying to come up with a good enough plan in order to win the battle and then instructing the men to do it would have been hard itself, and to be fair to leaders like Haig, the British people did eventually win the war – just like Haig had promised. Source B11 suggests that the leaders like Haig were good leaders and that they could not be faulted. Source B15 is reliable because it is a photograph that clearly illustrates that leaders like Haig were not seen as the fault of the losses. Maybe this is due to the lack of evidence that was published at the time (against Haig) or people simply sympathised with Haig because with the decisions he was faced with. However the same cannot be said about source B13. In my opinion source B13 is unreliable because the provenance of source is untrustworthy. I can assume that Haig would obviously try to show himself as a good leader therefore anything he says could just be exaggerated and untrue. All of these sources help me understand that there were other factors that caused the vast number of deaths and the fault wasn’t only in the hands of leaders like Haig. It makes me think about the other factors that made war life difficult for the soldiers. For example, the rats and lice which carried disease around the trenches or the trench foot which disabled alot of soldiers from fighting. Other contributing factors could be the underage, inexperienced soldiers or the misuse of the new weaponry. I also think that this interpretation is valid based on the sources that I have evaluated because each source gives a reason as to why leaders like Haig were not incompetent.

Battle of Cambrai - World War I - Western Front - Tanks

Battle of Cambrai - World War I - Western Front - Tanks The Battle of Cambrai was fought November 20 to December 6, 1917, during World War I (1914 to 1918). British General Julian Byng2 corps324 tanks Germans General Georg von der Marwitz1 corps Background In mid-1917, Colonel John F.C. Fuller, the Chief of Staff of the Tank Corps, devised a plan for using armor to raid the German lines. Since the terrain near Ypres-Passchendaele was too soft for tanks, he proposed a strike against St. Quentin, where the ground was hard and dry. As operations near St. Quentin would have required cooperation with French troops, the target was shifted to Cambrai to ensure secrecy. Presenting this plan to British Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Fuller was unable to obtain approval as the focus of British operations was on the ​offensive against Passchendaele. While the Tank Corps was developing its plan, Brigadier General H.H. Tudor of the 9th Scottish Division had created a method for supporting a tank attack with a surprise bombardment. This utilized a new method for targeting artillery without registering the guns by observing the fall of shot. This older method frequently alerted the enemy to impending attacks and gave them time to move reserves to the threatened area. Though Fuller and his superior, Brigadier-General Sir Hugh Elles, had failed to gain Haigs support, their plan interested the commander of the Third Army, General Sir Julian Byng. In August 1917, Byng accepted both Elles attack plan and along with Tudors artillery scheme to support it. Through Elles and Fuller had originally intended for the attack to be an eight- to twelve-hour raid, Byng altered the plan and intended to hold any ground that was taken. With fighting bogging down around Passchendaele, Haig relented in his opposition and approved an attack at Cambrai on November 10. Assembling over 300 tanks along a front of 10,000 yards, Byng intended for them to advance with close infantry support to capture enemy artillery and consolidate any gains. A Swift Advance Advancing behind a surprise bombardment, Elles tanks were to crush lanes through the German barbed wire and bridge the German trenches by filling them with bundles of brushwood known as fascines. Opposing the British was the German Hindenburg Line which consisted of three successive lines approximately 7,000 yards deep. These were manned by the 20th Landwehr and 54th Reserve Division. While the 20th was rated as fourth-rate by the Allies, the commander of the 54th had prepared his men in anti-tank tactics utilizing artillery against moving targets. At 6:20 AM on November 20, 1,003, British guns opened fire on the German position. Advancing behind a creeping barrage, the British had immediate success. On the right, troops from Lieutenant General William Pulteneys III Corps advanced four miles with troops reaching Lateau Wood and capturing a bridge over the St. Quentin Canal at Masnià ¨res. This bridge soon collapsed under the weight of the tanks halting the advance. On the British left, elements of the IV Corps had similar success with troops reaching the woods of Bourlon Ridge and the Bapaume-Cambrai road. Only in the center did the British advance stall. This was largely due to Major General G.M. Harper, commander of the 51st Highland Division, who ordered his infantry to follow 150-200 yards behind his tanks, as he thought the armor would draw artillery fire on his men. Encountering elements of the 54th Reserve Division near Flesquià ¨res, his unsupported tanks took heavy losses from the German gunners, including five destroyed by Sergeant Kurt Kruger. Though the situation was saved by the infantry, eleven tanks were lost. Under pressure, the Germans abandoned the village that night. Reversal of Fortune That night, Byng sent his cavalry divisions forward to exploit the breach, but they were forced to turn back due to unbroken barbed wire. In Britain, for the first time since the start of the war, church bells rang in victory. Over the next ten days, the British advance slowed greatly, with III Corps halting to consolidate and the main effort taking place in the north where troops attempted to capture Bourlon Ridge and the nearby village. As German reserves reached the area, the fighting took on the attritional characteristics of many battles on the Western Front. After several days of brutal fighting, the crest of Bourlon Ridge was taken by the 40th Division, while attempts to press east were halted near Fontaine. On November 28, the offensive was halted and British troops began to dig in. While the British had been spending their strength to capture Bourlon Ridge, the Germans had shifted twenty divisions to the front for a massive counterattack. Beginning at 7:00 AM on November 30, German forces employed stormtrooper infiltration tactics which had been devised by General Oskar von Hutier. Moving in small groups, German soldiers bypassed British strong points and made great gains. Quickly engaged all along the line, the British concentrated on holding Bourlon Ridge which allowed the Germans to drive back III Corps to the south. Though fighting quieted on December 2, it resumed the next day with the British being forced to abandon the east bank of the St. Quentin Canal. On December 3, Haig ordered a retreat from the salient, surrendering British gains except for the area around Havrincourt, Ribà ©court, and Flesquià ¨res. Aftermath The first major battle to feature a significant armored attack, British losses at Cambrai numbered 44,207 killed, wounded, and missing while German casualties were estimated at around 45,000. In addition, 179 tanks had been put out of action due to enemy action, mechanical issues, or ditching. While the British gained some territory around Flesquià ¨res, they lost approximately the same amount to the south making the battle a draw. The final major push of 1917, the Battle of Cambrai saw both sides utilize equipment and tactics that would be refined for the following years campaigns. While the Allies continued to develop their armored force, the Germans would employ stormtrooper tactics to great effect during their Spring Offensives.

Biography of John F. Kennedy Jr.

Biography of John F. Kennedy Jr. John F. Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960–July 16, 1999), the son of President John F. Kennedy, was considered the heir to one of Americas greatest political dynasties until his death in a plane crash at age 38. In one of the most iconic photographs in American history, the 3-year-old Kennedy is seen saluting his fathers casket three days after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Fast Facts: John F. Kennedy, Jr. Known For: Attorney, journalist, and son of President John F. KennedyBorn: Nov. 25, 1960 in Washington, D.C.Died: July 16, 1999 off the coast of Marthas Vineyard, MassachusettsEducation: Brown University, B.A.; New York University, J.D.Spouse: Carolyn BessetteKey Accomplishments: Criminal prosecutor in New York City, founder and publisher of George magazine, and founder of non-profit Reaching UpFamous Quote: â€Å"People often tell me I could be a great man. Id rather be a good man.† Childhood John F. Kennedy Jr. was born on November 25, 1960- the same month his father, John F. Kennedy, was elected to his first term as president. He became an instant celebrity, despite his parents attempts to give him as normal an upbringing as possible. Despite spending his first few years of life in the White House, however, Kennedy later said that he had lived a pretty normal life. Kennedy was the second of three children born to the Kennedys. His older sister was Caroline Bouvier Kennedy; his younger brother, Patrick, died in 1963, two days after birth. On his third birthday, in 1963, JFK Jr. became the subject of one of the most iconic scenes in American history: standing on a Washington street, wearing a dress coat, saluting his fathers flag-draped coffin as it passed by on a horse-drawn carriage on the way to the Capitol. Kennedys father had been assassinated three days earlier in Dallas, Texas. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The presidents widow moved the family to the Upper East Side of New York, where JFK Jr. attended a Catholic elementary school. He later attended Collegiate School for Boys in New York and Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Meanwhile, much of the American public waited for the young Kennedy to join the political world that had already been shaped by his family. Careers in Law and Journalism JFK Jr. graduated Brown University in 1983 with a degree in American history. He then attended law school at New York University, graduating in 1989. Many considered his law degree a precursor to a political career, but JFK Jr. instead went to work in the Manhattan district attorneys office for four years. In 1995, Kennedy launched a magazine, George, which blended celebrity and public affairs. The magazine was meant to be a mass-market political journal, or, as one of its editors explained, a political magazine for Americans turned off by political magazines. Kennedy wrote and served as editor-in-chief for George. Its publication ended in 2001, after Kennedys death. Marriage to Carolyn Bessette In 1996, JFK Jr. arranged a secretive wedding to Carolyn Bessette, a fashion publicist. The couple went to extraordinary lengths to conceal their nuptials from the public. The wedding was held on an island 20 miles off the coast of Georgia; they chose that particular island in part because it had no access by road or telephone, and almost no lodging. The public learned of their marriage a week after it happened. The couple had no children. Death On July 16, 1999, Kennedy was piloting a small single-engine airplane headed towards Marthas Vineyard, with his wife and her sister onboard. The plane crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. The bodies of the three crash victims were found off the coast of Marthas Vineyard five days later, on July 21. One year later, in 2000, the National Transportation Safety Board ruled the crash an accident caused by Kennedys failure to maintain control of the airplane during a descent over water at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation. The government agency said haze and darkness were factors in the crash. Legacy Kennedy was raised to abide by a scriptural passage found in Luke 12:48: Of those to whom much is given, much is required. It was in that spirit that, in 1989, he founded a nonprofit called Reaching Up, which helps low-wage health and human-services professionals attain higher education, training, and career advancement. Reaching Up continues to help students pay for tuition, books, transportation, child care, and other education costs. Sources Blow, Richard. American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr. Henry Holt Co., 2002.Grunwald, Michael. â€Å"JFK Jr. Feared Dead in Plane Crash.†Ã‚  The Washington Post, WP Company, 18 July 1999, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy071899.htm.Seelye, Katharine Q. â€Å"John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 19 July 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html.

Job Safety Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Safety Response - Essay Example Jerry must understand that the field notes belong to the federal agency provided there is an advance knowledge that that data belongs to the agency. First, Jerry acquired a job from the federal agency implying that the area of research is not his own doing and will be considered as unethical to use it for his personal work. Second, the participants in the interviews and observations during the survey would not have presented themselves to him without identifying that he is working with the Federal Agency which they could identify with because of its projects or proposed projects amongst them. His presentation to participants as working on behalf of the agency makes the information gathered from the interview the agency’s property unconditionally. Being a representative of the agency means that no participant provided any information to belong to him but to the agency hence eliminating any breach of information security and confidentiality. Although it is unethical for the agen cy to manipulate survey findings to suit its expectations, it is ethical to request the opinion of a different consultant for comparison. Vaughn should be expected to turn over all the interview materials, notes, and photographs despite their sensitive information on with any binding terms on data ownership. Since there was no binding stipulation concerning data ownership, and by arguing that his work was conducted in good faith makes him eligible for full salary without any threats or turning over the materials, notes, and photos to the agency.

Faith schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Faith schools - Essay Example The term faith schools is aimed at the relationship between education and faith (Grander, et al, 2005). They are one of a variety of schools including speciality schools, grammar schools, comprehensive schools and others. They can be defined as "schools, both primary and secondary, which are provided under the aegis of recognized religious faith" (Wallace, 2008). Thus, they provide students a general education with a framework of specific religious belief including formal and informal activities. The discussion about faith schools is not easy because it involves a number of complications at both policy and practice levels. A strong debate rises among politicians, educators, media and the public conducted with a level of bias about whether this type of schools should be banned or not. This essay will investigate this issue presenting the various sides of debate. It will critically demonstrate the different assumptions, principles and verifications that each perspective gives and reveals the significance of such debate on the educational process in the UK. Doing so, it will focus on three main aspects that form the base of such debate. These include: the matching with educational aims, the educational achievement and the implications on community integration. The aim of education is to develop capacities and capabilities among people to lead a good life (Pring, 2005). Such abilities include problem solving and critical and analytical thinking that encourages personal development and build the foundation for a truly rational individual (King cited Pring, 2010). Some people stand against faith schools as they believe they mismatch many of the essential aims of education. They argue that these schools work under specific agendas that focus on nurturing particular set of religious beliefs and attitudes over the presence of attaining the basic common educational purposes. Accordingly, they

The man who wasnt there Essay Example for Free

The man who wasnt there Essay Explain genre theory and, using Chapter 8 of the text as a reference, thoroughly describe the conventions and attributes of your selected genre. Genre theory is used in the study of films in order to facilitate the categorization of films. Genres are dependent on various factors such as story line, who the director is, and what are the audience expectations. A better understanding is knowing the type of movie it is so if someone was to say let’s watch a western movie you’re going to expect gun fights, horses, and Indians and cowboys involved with the film. The clip I selected was â€Å"The Man Who Wasn’t There† an actor that is popular in today’s society that is staring in this film is Billy Bob Thornton. There are multiple genres that are in this movie and they are drama/crime, romance, and comedy. The short clip shows actor Billy Bob Thornton entering a room and the lighting is dark on him but it was light on the man he was speaking to in the room, this setting resembles the drama that is going to be involved in the scene with the actors. When actor Billy Bob Thornton sits down in the chair the lighting is even darker as he ask a question, by the lighting getting darker it presents to the audience that the question he is going to ask is a dark question or something that is not legal. Also the man that Billy Bob Thornton is talking to puts on his fake hair to make himself presentable, which came off to me as someone being sneaky and corrupted but the light shining on him tries to hide his dirty intentions. In my references I have a clip from the movie â€Å"Before the Devil Knows Your Dead†Ã‚  this movie has crime and drama as well these elements are a few that are in the film â€Å"The Man Who Wasn’t There†. Even though both films have different story lines, they are both filled with drama the film â€Å"The Man Who Wasn’t There† describes barber that blackmails his wifes boss and lover for money to invest in dry cleaning, but his plan goes terribly wrong. This is definitely drama and a bit of romance involved in which is part of the genre. The film â€Å"Before the Devil THE MAN WHO 3. Knows Your Dead† talks about two brothers organizing the robbery of their parents jewelry store, and the job goes horribly wrong, triggering a series of events that sends them, their father and one brothers wife hurtling towards a shattering climax. This film also contains drama and crime but what separates the two is the other film has comedy and romance involved with it. The description from the second film has nothing to do with comedy or romance, so you can say it has similarities on some aspects of the film from a drama point of view. Also another example to understand genres is films point out key parts of the film to promote to specific audience for the film or whatever has be successful for the sub genres as well, example you can’t go wrong with a romance film but not everybody likes pure romance films and you can’t go wrong with comedy but nobody likes pure comedy and I believe there is nothing wrong with pure action. An example of a film that can be promoted to a everybody who has qualities that they like to see in  films would be the film â€Å"Warm Bodies† (http://youtu. be/gGRHrr6IYdg) this film has these qualities that can promote to an audience that makes it appealing to watch. In this clip it shows that this film has action, romance, comedy and drama. This increases the chances of the film becoming successful. THE MAN WHO 4 References Goodykoontz, B. , Jacobs, C. P. (2011). Film: From watching to seeing. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. This text is a Constellationâ„ ¢ course digital materials (CDM) title.

Planning Retirement Essay -- essays research papers

People of all ages should begin planning for retirement and managing their money well so they are ensured enough income when they do retire. Retirees estimate that people will need 71% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their current lifestyles. Stocks and 401(k) plans are recommended.FactsNonretired Americans with household incomes that average more than $50,000 assumes they won't be able to retire until age 59.More than a third of affluent retirees with children and grandchildren are helping to support them financially, as are 29% of all retirees. Also, nearly a quarter of all retirees whose parents are alive are helping them financially.Fully 48% of the affluent who aren't retired as well as of all people surveyed who aren't retired believe they have to work part time in retirement. Only 23% of well-off retirees and 16% of all retirees polled are working today.Affluent nonretirees estimate they'll need only 53% of their pre-retirement income to support their retirement lifestyles. But well-off retirees say they actually require fully 71%. Fully 25% of affluent nonretirees think it's likely they will run out of money before they die vs. only 12% of well-off retirees.Affluent retirees single biggest regret is failing to put more money in tax-deferred retirees said they invested the maximum the law permits, compared with only 48% of the affluent nonretirees polled.Strategies1. Figure out how much income you'll need in retirement. Retirees told us that to support ... Planning Retirement Essay -- essays research papers People of all ages should begin planning for retirement and managing their money well so they are ensured enough income when they do retire. Retirees estimate that people will need 71% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their current lifestyles. Stocks and 401(k) plans are recommended.FactsNonretired Americans with household incomes that average more than $50,000 assumes they won't be able to retire until age 59.More than a third of affluent retirees with children and grandchildren are helping to support them financially, as are 29% of all retirees. Also, nearly a quarter of all retirees whose parents are alive are helping them financially.Fully 48% of the affluent who aren't retired as well as of all people surveyed who aren't retired believe they have to work part time in retirement. Only 23% of well-off retirees and 16% of all retirees polled are working today.Affluent nonretirees estimate they'll need only 53% of their pre-retirement income to support their retirement lifestyles. But well-off retirees say they actually require fully 71%. Fully 25% of affluent nonretirees think it's likely they will run out of money before they die vs. only 12% of well-off retirees.Affluent retirees single biggest regret is failing to put more money in tax-deferred retirees said they invested the maximum the law permits, compared with only 48% of the affluent nonretirees polled.Strategies1. Figure out how much income you'll need in retirement. Retirees told us that to support ...

Being Thankful for What We Have / “Gratitude”

Being thankful for what we have / â€Å"Gratitude† There are a lot of things in my life that I am thankful for, but most important thing is that I have a great family and loving parents. There are many things that I don’t normally realize which I still take for granted like having my own car and attending Christian Brothers High School. I am greatly thankful for my family because they are always going to be here for me no matter what. Also, my family is loving and always willing to do anything to help me if I am in any need. There a ton of kids in this world that is my age those don’t have a loving family or just not well-off.I have been hoping to attend college and hopefully get a degree in engineering and also a personal trainer. There are many kids my age that can’t attend college because their family can’t afford it. I take many material things for granted that give me enjoyment such as my laptop, iPod, iPhone, my trainer, and a gym membership. I am thankful to have a great trainer and a gym membership so I can get big, bulky, lean, cut, in shape, and to get ready for my competition in May. Also, other thing that I can’t for granted is having my own car to drive to school and take out on the weekend to have some fun or hang out with friends.I am grateful for not having to work and have a job to help support my family. I am grateful for my mom because of all the things and work she does around the house and help out the family as much as she can. She keeps the family rolling/going and always remembers everything when everyone doesn’t have no idea about things. I am grateful for my dad and how much hard work he puts into his farm to give support and good living for the family. I help my mom and dad as much as I can because I will never be able to pay them back for all the things they have done for me.I try to help my family as much as possible to keep it going even when I like it or not. I am grateful to be an bodybuilder and other things I do because I am in good health/shape and be a normal human being without any impairments to my body. I am grateful that my whole family is in the best health as they can be. I am thankful to be able to go on cruises and trips to other countries with my family and be able to enjoy it and have a great time. I am grateful for the great friends that I have fun with, hangout with, and know they will always have my back no matter what it is or what goes down.I am grateful for everything that I have in my life and wish it could always stay the way it is right now. Also, to always love my parents with my whole heart and be there for my friends and family no matter what it is. Hopefully one day that I will have a wife in the future that I will be able to love with all my heart too and be content with everything no matter what it is. I'm thankful for all the beautiful, rich, loving and all the things that I am able to do and have in my life right now. I will alw ays show love, thanks, and appreciation to all the things/gifts that will be giving to me.People just like me need to learn from their mistakes and just grow from them like all the sad, disappointed, and painful things that have had happen to them. When people think that everything that they have or has happen to them or other things is a gift from God which is being thankful and gratitude is. My life and others is like a gift from God because he was the one that brought us to this world. It is great and thankful thing to know God, who/what he has done for us and this world. People shouldn’t worry about anything because God will do the things for us which he thinks is right and will take care of us.God will give/provide the things that everyone should have in life and what is right to have. People know what is right and wrong, so they have no excuse. I said this before but I will say it again I am very thankful for the school I go to, my family, all of my teachers, and my fri ends. God is the main reason why we should thank him because if it wasn’t for him then we won’t be here today and have all the things that we are thankful for like our loving family. Everyone should live every day, one day a time and for the God and Jesus Christ.

Springville Herald Case

The first data we analyzed was which errors occurred most frequently. The above Pareto chart serves to separate the â€Å"vital few† errors from the â€Å"trivial many†. The first 7 types of errors (from left to right) account for 78% of the total service errors. Concentration on eliminating those types of errors is a good first step in minimizing customer service errors and boosting revenue. If you can eliminate less than half of the error types you can eliminate more than 2/3 of the total errors. Next we looked for correlations between the data above and which errors were most costly. We again chose Pareto charts to express the relationships between the types of errors and how much they cost the company. The use of Pareto to express the total cost of each error type is valuable to identify which error types are costing the most cumulatively and also offers some correlations. Again we see the first 7 error types (from left to right) make up a large majority of the money spent correcting errors. 79% in fact. We find that 5 error types: Typesetting, Wrong position, Ran in Error, Wrong ad, and Wrong date occur in the â€Å"vital few† data of both frequency and total cost of errors. Further concentration on these 5 error types will not only go a long way in eliminating the frequency of errors, but will also eliminate a large portion of the total cost associated with service errors. Another important finding in this data is that while copy errors occur most frequently (17% of total errors) they are relatively inexpensive to fix (only 6% of the total cost of errors). So eliminating copy errors will go a long way in improving customer service, but will not have the same impact on the cost of fixing service errors. Examining the cost data further we can see which errors are the most expensive to fix on a per error basis. While Pareto was not necessary to express cost per error (cumulative % is not important in this case), it is the easiest type of chart to read with this much data and serves to show (from left to right) which errors are the most expensive to fix per occurrence. These findings reveal that Ran in Errors are the second most expensive type of error per occurrence. That combined with the fact that we already know Ran in Errors account for the highest total cost of errors (20. %) and are the 4th most frequently occurring (9%) tells us that concentrating most heavily on eliminating Ran in Errors would be the most efficient way to simultaneously improve customer service and cut costs. So let’s took a closer look at Ran in Errors. As you can see, Policy Ran in Errors are the most frequently occurring (53% of total) and by far the most expensive (82% of total). Eliminating these e rrors as quickly as possible would be the most efficient way to achieve the goal of improving customer service and cutting costs. Some information that would be useful to examine would be how the errors interact with each other. Do some errors cause others? Even if no error directly causes another it would be useful to know if eliminating errors that occur at the beginning of the publishing time line would prevent others from occurring due to the nature of publishing them. Also, observe the histogram below. As you can see the number of help desk calls per day is concentrated between 40 and 70 per day. It would be useful to know what errors these calls are in regard to. With the average calls per day known, the Herald can also streamline their customer service department to be able to handle this volume efficiently.

Why Melville Idealizes Life Among the Polynesians essays

Why Melville Idealizes Life Among the Polynesians essays Melville became an explorer of the South Seas in the nineteenth century longing to find his ideal paradise. Escaping his voyage on the Acushnet he set out to explore the Marquesas Islands. Melville never actually recorded his time among the Polynesians until he wrote Typee. Typee had been- a combination of memory, imagination, and research... (Howard, 9). He was then the narrator of his own adventure that led him from being an explorer to being an observer of the native ways. Embarking on the culture of the Polynesians left him with a bias opinion of what their life was. Melville idealizes life among the Polynesians in hopes that he has found his paradise and he sees no reason for the French to try to corrupt their culture in anyway. He finds, outside of civilization, that living among the natives is more of a civilized place than any. While Melville is held captive for four months among the Typees he carefully observes their lifestyle. According to Milton Stern, Melville has four Techniques in gathering his worldly views. All four test reality in terms of experience, not theory, and find transcendental perception a delusion (Bowen, 6). From these techniques he is able to form an understanding of his experiences and implement them into his work. Melville uses reinforcement, almost a form of repetition, where in his observations he finds things to reinforce his views. He suggests man must depend on man, and in that he uses what man gives him to create his works. Melville finds the contrast in his views that help him define what he perceives reality to be. He defines reality in terms of relations, ambiguities, and limitations, not transcendental equations and infinite possibilities (Bowen, 6). In gathering his views Melville denies the whole truth to any individual (Bowen, 72). Melville believes one must have multiple views in order to test reality through multiple viewpoi...

ACT

Is Online Tutoring As Good As In-Person Tutoring For The SAT/ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You know you want tutoring...but what kind of tutoring should you go for? How can you really figure out if online tutoring is as good as in-person tutoring? You asked for it, you got it: a side-by-side comparison of online tutoring and in-person tutoring. And by side-by-side, I mean listed vertically, one after the other. I’ll go into where each method excels†¦and where each method falls short.

Critically discuss the extent to which capitalism has affected human Essay

Critically discuss the extent to which capitalism has affected human relationships - Essay Example Under these views capitalism has not a ‘stable’ and ‘standard’ format but tends to alternate in order to be adapted to the current political, social and financial conditions of a specific society. Capitalism can have many aspects; however it has certain characteristics and principles that remain the same throughout the years. More specifically, as Mcintyre (1992, 42) found ‘for capitalism to function smoothly, peoples "needs" must conform to the requirements of the production system; at the same time, Capitals search for ever expanding pools of surplus value requires the expansive manipulation of those needs’. One of the sectors that have suffered from capitalism is with no doubt the human relationships. In this case, capitalism has managed to transform not only the ‘structure’ but also the ‘content’ of the relevant relationships alternating their nature and changing their role. The influence of capitalism on human relationships has been intensive mostly the last years. In this context, Langford (1999, 1) stated that ‘in modern Western societies, couple relationships almost always come into being through a more or less powerful experience of emotional ‘bonding’, infused with erotic attraction; Being part of such a couple is held to be fundamental to our happiness, well-being and sense of place in the world; Reproduction, the family, and to a great extent social life itself, are seen as ideally based upon and around the loving (heterosexual) couple; Thus, while ‘falling in love’ remains something of a mystery, it is generally understood and experienced as a beneficial and foundational life event’. It has to be noticed however that the interpretation of human feelings although presenting above as ‘standard’ and ‘expected’ in many occasions they tend to differentiate in accordance with the politi cal

Alcoholics Anonymous Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alcoholics Anonymous Community - Research Paper Example In addition, I realized that it was imperative to trust other people to help me, since I myself am being trained for a profession, which requires me to help other people. Thus, I approached the AA group, with apprehension and hope battling it out in my heart. The first thing one learns at these meetings, are the 12 steps they follow in the process of bringing about sobriety (Alcoholics Anonymous Australia, 2001). First, one has to accept that they have a drinking problem over which they are powerless. Second, they accept that there is a greater power, which can help with the problem. Then, as a third step, the people are to entrust this higher power, God, with the duty of helping them overcome the problem. Then the attention of the person is shifted to themselves, as they are told to look within themselves to perform a thorough and fearless moral inventory of themselves. The fifth step is to admit the wrongs they have found in themselves to God as well as to another human being. Afte r this, the curing begins as they mentally prepare themselves for God to cleanse them of these shortcomings. The seventh step follows, where the person asks God to rid him or her of these flaws. The eighth step consists of spreading the positive change to outside just oneself.

Instrument Improvements of the Nineteenth Century and the Effects on Essay

Instrument Improvements of the Nineteenth Century and the Effects on the Wind Band - Essay Example There have been many different versions of wind instruments as they too have slowly evolved and improved with the passage of time. It is the intention of this paper to demonstrate how the invention of modern day wind instruments helped to bring the wind band out of the realm of pure functionality, and into the realm of artistic expression. Through the additions and improvement of modern wind instruments, the wind band is becoming another respected art medium. It was through the work of European wind instrument makers that all of the wind instruments gained the ability to play chromatic notes, allowing them to play melodies, and gradually changing the role of the wind band from one of functionality to artistic expression. In this paper, it is argued, wind band while attaining this status by way of instrument improvements, facilitated better scope for individual performance within the band without sacrificing the element of harmony and this was what contributed to the growth of wind ba nds as an artistic medium. Background The proposition that â€Å"invention and development† led to wind bands entering â€Å"musical life† in a big way, is an acknowledged fact.2 The major developments in this realm have been, the invention of saxophone, use of pistons in brass instruments, use of pistons in wood wind instruments, improvements made to the clarionet â€Å"by bass and contrabass†, development of a new form of oboe by incorporating â€Å"contrafaggotto†, and the emergence of the new brass instruments â€Å"in the lower bass section.†3 These changes and improvements were either effected simply by enthusiastic innovators or were made on demand from the master composers in order to meet their creative requirements.4 Above four thousand patents for innovations were allocated in France alone in the nineteenth century and among them, piano and wind instruments were the majority.5 In general, it was to â€Å"bridge over the long gaps and in tervals between [†¦] [the] open notes that all systems of valves, slides and keys are intended.6 This enhanced the quality of the music being produced and provided wind band music with an added dimension of individualism. Theobald Boehm The earlier existing forms of wind instruments were so under-developed that the creation of harmony using them was a near impossibility.7 In the early nineteenth century, European instrument makers were hard at work trying to devise a way to improve the tuning of wind instruments. The keyed bugle was the invention in the series of improvements to wind instruments and the inventor was Joseph Halliday to whom the product was patented.8 Theobald Boehm (1794-1881) was born in Germany and was â€Å"a professional flautist who became dissatisfied with the tone quality and imperfect mechanism of the old-style conical bore flute.†9 He decided to redesign his own flute after hearing a concert given by Charles Nicholson in London.10 Boehm was impre ssed by Nicholson's powerful tone drawn from his large-holed flute. In 1832, Boehm emerged from his shop in Munich with a new large-holed conical bore flute that incorporated interlocking rings with which to cover the 14 newly placed tone holes.11 Boehm did not start making cylindrical flutes until 1847 after studying and applying the science of acoustics to his instrument making.12 It would be another

Pre Industrial England 1450-1750

Pre Industrial England 1450-1750 Pre-industrial England was a period that laid the foundation for the industrial revolution. Its too vast with numerous changes that may seem to contradict itself if confined to a single definition. In the early beginnings of the period, the ratio of population to land was low, with small rural communities heavily engaged in agriculture. Markets were imperfect, along with simple/sluggish technology mostly because, the pre-industrial man was unaccustomed to innovation or simply did not see the need for cost reducing innovations. The method of production was mostly labor intensive with little capital equipment if any at all. The description thus far is fitting for the period 1450-1650. During this period population growth fluctuated widely, mostly because of famines and diseases. It is worthy to note that the family was the foundation of the home economy and in aggregation the essence of the pre-industrialized economy. The family structure was the source of knowledge, wealth and in many cases legitimacy (particularly in the case of women). During this age, England was a pyramid of status. Ownership of land was the materialization of status and the quickest way to political leverage. This set in motion the incentive for development: the desire to acquire more land through the plouging back of profits into the purchase of land. It was during this time that the concept of RENT was developed. Though the industrial revolution started in Britain, during the period 1450-1650 England was behind its continental counterparts in almost every economic respect. Though population growth fluctuated, it had an upward trend; unfortunately the primitive economy was unable to absorb this surplus labor. Consequently, pre-industrial Britain was plagued with unemployment and underemployment. As if the latter was not bad enough, high mortality rates forced a young population to work and an overwhelming climate of beggars and vagabonds emerged. One interesting way the economy sought to absorb the excess labor was through the immigrations of this surplus to cities e.g. London. Europe had long been competing among itself for new markets and raw materials. This led to the beginning of colonialization and the discovery of new lands. Britain had long been and persisted to be an exporter of mostly raw materials. Before boats and new trading routes were invented and discovered, trading was problematic and capital accumulation was down right impossible. The medium of exchange was poorly defined and barter proved to be complex because of the double coincidence of wants. In the mid 15th century, there was an evident shift in the export of raw materials to manufactured goods, mostly the export of cloth. (refer to Fig 1 p 50) Very quickly cloth export accounted for 2/3 of all exports, most of which were destined for colonial territories and Low Countries. In light of this positive change, England was still largely a primary product producer, as such; they had a high import dependency on continental Europe. Through immigration, England was able to import new skills and techniques and in some cases capital. While England began to harness the power of this intake, there was a discovery of gold in South America. This made capital accumulation a little less difficult and further fueled trade. Though industrial jobs were seasonal because productive activities were predominantly dependant on the seasonality of crops, glimpses of urbanization could be seen. Artisans and craftsmen were the first manufacturers who often worked with just an apprentice; their capital formation was small, nevertheless, growing. The location of industries were dependent on the labor supply and occupations of all nature started to emerge and change continually as taste, fads and fashion change. In the book, the economy of England 1450-1750 by D.C. Coleman: England was described as having habit of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦borrowing and improving, rather than inventingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Though homegrown inventions occurred, this habit was embedded in the English national trait. In light of this copy cat approach of the English, from the 17th to 18th century, English patents had increased drastically. Patents in this case are used as a proxy to represent the quantity of inventions/innovations. See fig. 2 p 154. In brief, English industry in the century from 1650 to 1750 can exhibit a variety of innovations, some of a radical nature in that they are represented injections of capital equipment which had the effect of raising productivity. Some involved a new use of power-driven machinery or opened up new possibilities therein, for example, in silk-throwing or cotton-spinning, some saw a replacement of one important input in the production process by another, for example, coal for charcoal, steam and atmospheric pressure for horse- or man power. The quote above taken from the economy of England 1450-1750 by D.C. Coleman, adequately sums up the importance and impact of the innovations taken place in England at the time. Pre-industrial England (Analysis) Why was the pre-industrial age the way it was? Or, how did it transform into the industrial revolution? I will seek to explain or find some bearings to answer these hard questions. My analysis will be confined to a few fundamental elements of capitalism: property rights, capital accumulation, profit motive, institutions, and level of technology and government intervention. It is known that low labor productivity, poor education, high fertility and mortality rates along with the dominance of physical over human capital plagued the pre-industrial period. The reverse is true when compared to modern societies, which is characterized by low fertility rates and extreme emphasize on human capital. What accounted for the spurts in population growth that forced the surplus labor to immigrate to the cities? With little education and sluggish technology there was roughly an average level of human capital. Earnings and benefit from investing in human capital were both low, and the typical agricultural laborer earned their maximum income at age 20.. Thus, parents would choose quantity as opposed to quality in child bearing; this sheds some light on the reasons population boom. High mortality rates also forced parents to reproduce at a high rate and began to prepare an army of labor that flourished during the industrial revolution. The number of patents issued (used as a proxy for capital accumulation) signals the rate of capital accumulation and developments in technology. Of course, these changes pale in comparison to modern standards but it laid a foundation that was essential to the industrial revolution. Reference was made in the overview regarding Britains culture of borrowing and improving, this also sought to cement the foundation of technological changes during this period. The pre-industrial mans desire for status and political accomplishment along with the desire to be favored by the crown, propelled the pre-industrial age. Granted, at a slow rate. This was mostly done through the conquering of new lands and meager changes (compared to modern standards) to productive activities. Imperfect markets were able to a limited extent however, to fuel the industrial mans profit motives. Nevertheless, this remains one of the few underlying elements of capitalism that never wavered or seems to fade. The pre-industrial age was preserved through the family structure, and the family structure was preserved through the ownership of lands. All the essential elements of capitalism were in existence and growing in every respect during this primitive age. True, it has evolved since, but that is not a demerit, rather, the reason why its able to survive all these years. At the heart of this period, the crown/state/government played a most vital role in industrial planning. Colonies were set up, trade agreements were made, and many accomplishments were made in the name of the crown. The crown was very much involved in Britains development. The states role and power had changed remarkably over the years, but we include it as an essential element of capitalism to illustrate the crucial role of government in jump starting an economy. Industrialization (750-1830) The industrial revolution was basically a fundamental change in the structure of Britains economy. It was the reallocation of resources away from agriculture. Britain being the first nation to become industrialized in the mid 18th century experienced rapid growth. These high growth rates would involve changes in every aspect of the economy. Britain rich iron, coal and reliable source of waterpower were essential to the industrial revolution. Colonies around the world supplied Britain with raw materials e.g. cotton and wheat and served as a market place for manufactured cloth. These colonies helped to stimulate the textile and iron industries, the wealth then generated by these two industries is what drove the industrial revolution. The steam engine was the greatest innovation of the industrial revolution because it became an instrument for applying basic innovations in many industries and transport. In the 1800s industries such as cotton spinning and iron was dependent on the steam engine. Landowning and farming wealth flowed to investment for improving land and transport while commercial wealth flowed to industry. Institutions created incentives and encourage innovation for entrepreneurs. The acceleration of industrial development was facilitated by the emergence of institutions such as financial systems, legal systems, and social institutions. Since the economy was growing at a steady pace, financial systems were needed to support this profound change: the established of the banking system in the 1690s. The banking system began to mobilize savings more widely after the 1750s. The bank of England, the London private bank and the country bankers made up the banking system. The problem with capital accumulation in the 18th century was one of establishing a tube by which capital could flow from the groups who were making the savings to those who really needed the credit. During the industrial revolution laws were enforced which required all land to be fenced at the expense of the owners. This caused many families to borrow from banks. Women and children made up 75% of the workers, this was because they were easily manipulated into accepting low wages which kept the cost of production low and profits high. Children were preferred since they had smaller hands; which was often needed to fit into parts of the machines. The laissez faire approach of the government allowed capitalism to flourish. There was little or no government regulations imposed upon factory policies. In the industrial ages the states role was basically to institutionalize social and economic forces and to provide security at home and abroad in which market forces would operate. Since they worked 18hrs per day they spent no real time together as a family, hence the industrial revolution contributed to the break down of the family unit. The living conditions were horrible because the cities became over crowded. Families lived in factory houses. These houses had no more than three to four rooms, more than one family then had to occupy a room. Other families who couldnt afford the rent of the factory houses lived in slums with little sanitation, as a result mortality rates were high (infant mortality rates were 50%) The legal system endorsed property rights and extended the concept of property to such assets as shares, bills of exchange, bank notes and patents. There was a pyramid concerned with land use. At the top there were the landowners, they comprised of temporal lords, gentlemen and freeholders (better sort and lesser). The lesser freeholders were the ones who owned and tilled their own land. They formed the middle class, the employing class who were the backbone of the agricultural economy. The others rented their land to the second group who where the land cultivators. These land cultivators formed a mixed group; which included small freeholders, owner-cultivators, the family-worked farm, the small holders and squatters. The third group, which was the base of the pyramid were the farm laborers; the proletariats. In the 18th century government began to intervene by implementing factory act, which aimed at securing the welfare of children. Industrial revolution Analysis This analysis will be based on the fundamental elements of capitalism: property rights, capital accumulation, profit motive, institutions, and level of technology and government intervention. It will answer why and how these elements changed/ developed during the industrial ages. Unlike the pre-industrial age capital accumulation wasnt as difficult. The emergence of foreign trade and the banking system made capital accumulation easier. Now the question is how and why these systems did emerge? Capital was accumulated through property ownership but also with the expansion of trade, that is: as trade increased, more money was demanded which was later provided for by gold and silver. The foundation of the bank of England in 1694 was part of a deal made between the government, (desperately short of finance in wartime) and the leading merchants and financers. Capital goods industries began to emerge mainly because of worldwide industrialization and the increased accumulation of capital through investment. This development led to mass production, and was responsible for the increase in British iron output during the 1830-1840 and continued to increase until the 1880s which also led to an increase in the employment of coalminers. The expansion of these industries changed most of the social problems that were present in the initial phase of industrialization: it gave unskilled workers better paid jobs, and improved working conditions which increased dramatically in the 1850s. The profit motive has been the driving force towards industrial capitalism. It encourages firms to operate more efficiently thus, promoting competition among rival firms. It served as the catalyst for production, distribution and consumption. Why did the level of technology change? Because of changing demand and the enlarged size of the markets promoted the development of new methods of production, often through innovation and adaptation of already existing technology. POST INDUSTRIALISATION The post industrialized period, is defined in this paper as that span of time in which Britains economy began to make the transition between what can be termed as Industrial Capitalism to Financial Capitalism. This simply means a decline in Britains manufacturing industry and growth of the financial sector. Why the manufacturing industry declined? To address this we need to consider many factors: the first important factor to is seen as the change in the power of the people that is the labor laws reforms and the electoral laws reforms. During the early and mid years of the industrialized period there was little power for the working class, they had no right to vote unless they owned property. They had no voice in the workplace, no way of expressing their displeasure and swift and harsh actions were taken against those who refused to obey the law.. Coming to the end of the industrial period and into the post, there were a number of reforms and acts introduced to change this fundamental problem within Britain. Firstly in 1871 trade unions were made legal, and they were allowed to strike. However it was not until 1875 that the legal act, Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, was implemented to allow workers to peacefully strike at their place of work. But after terms of revolts in the working populace, into being came the Labor government party, and during their term (1906) they brought into being the Trade Disputes Act, which declared that unions could not be sued for damages done during a strike. In this respect, the power of the working class grew tremendously as compared to the earlier years of industrialization. But these Labor laws were not the only important reforms being made during this period to address the power of the people; in fact they went synonymously with the reforms being made to the electoral system. In the mid 18th century, The Great Reform Act (1832) gave vote to only male householders who held a certain amount of property. In time it was evident that this act was generally met with an outcry from the working population who paid taxes. This displeasure of the populace led to a Second Reform Act (1867) which allowed many of the working class men living in towns to cast a vote. However this system was still at fault because voting was done in the open and men were forced to stoop to pressures of their employers and landowners, that is- to vote in their interest. So upon recognition by the aforementioned, the labor government party introduce The Secret Ballot which allowed men to vote in seclusion, away from the pressures of their employers and land owners. But the second reform act was still deemed inadequate because it still failed to capture a decent proportion of the population, so came The Third Reform Act, in 1884. This new act now gave voting rights to adult male householders in Britain- which encompasses those living in the country areas. But with the exclusion of women, the system was still insufficient. After many womens rights movement there was a new act passed called the People Act of 1918 which gave voting rights to all men over the age of 21 and all women over the age of 30. This single act propelled the size of the electorate from 7.7 million to 21.8 million! This was not the end however, soon after the Equal Franchise Act of 1928 gave voting rights to all women over the age of 21 on the same terms the men had. And then finally, a new Representation of the People Act gave voting rights to everyone over the age of eighteen. The changes in the electoral and labor laws caused the emergence of a new phenomenon in Britain. The wants and demands of the people were now stronger and more politicians were more eager to meet them. Given the new found power of the populace, workers were now entitled to a larger share of the Gross Domestic Product (in future will be addressed as GDP). The general standard of living was now a principle that could no longer be ignored; the happiness of the entire Britains populace was now the centre focus of all politicians and no longer only the sole happiness of the entrepreneurs. As such some manufacturers found it unprofitable to keep on running when they can no longer access cheap labor, and governments found it necessary to implement many social safety nets to keep its populace happy. As stated before, addressing why the manufacturing industry declined we need to look at many factors, so far the populaces power has been addressed. The next important issue that needs attention is that of world trade. The British economy at the beginning of the industrialized period was well noted for some of the greatest inventions in the world. They were at one point in time even addressed as the workshop of the world. This advantage Britain had over the world market stemmed from their great inventions, namely; the stream engine, the railway train, the coke burning blast furnace, the power loom, the spinning jenny and the water frame. In time, the increasing globalization that took place in the latter years of the industrialized period caused her to lose this advantage. Aero planes and motorcars were made by the French, German and American inventors, thus, the comparative advantage Britain held significantly declined in the later years of its industrialized period. In the early years of industrialization Britain had rich coal and iron ore near the surface, but by the mid 19th century all the cheaply accumulated coal and iron were gone. Although there were deeper reserves, the advantage of the resource endowment significantly decreased. That being said, the British population growth began to significantly slow down in the late 19th century at that critical time when the American population began to grow rapidly. The power of British rivals increased rapidly, via their population growth and innovations as such Britains power in the world market was proportionately reduced and their manufacturing industries were left behind. . Britain was deemed as lucky to procure investors within its economy to help propel it during its industrial ages. Heading steep into the 20th century it was evident that an agglomeration of capital was invested in foreign industries, since the British investors saw it as more profitable to establish business overseas. It was a good investment for the British entrepreneurs but it also helped develop industries abroad, those industries to rival that of Britains. The invention of the railway and the telegraph system in the mid 19th century encouraged banks to expand and establish branches distances away from the main offices. Many people lost money when they invested into small banks, so government regulations were introduced to make it easier for larger banking groups to be formed. There was security in any particularly large bank. In mid 19th century The Bank Charter Act was introduced in order to reassure customers that their dollar invested in the bank was equivalent to gold sovereigns. This particular regulation had an enormous effect on bankers everywhere, the bigger banks became even more secure than the smaller ones, and as such mergers became ultimately inevitable. The Midland bank was a small bank founded in 1836 by Charles Greach. But by the late 20th century there were 200 branches of the Midland Bank stationed in London alone. It was clear; mergers were now a common thing within Britains financial industry. Britains financial sector continued to grow until it became a landmark within it one of the largest and richest cities in the world London. Britain had developed other major financial institutions such as the London Stock Exchange and The Commodity Market. This city had become known as the center of the worlds finances. Britains current account deficit at the time would have led to a crisis but the foreign investments Britain had secured were more than enough to cancel out the trade deficit. It is common knowledge that Britain had fought two world wars and surprisingly enough these foreign investments helped finance the wars. Britain had run up massive debt during the First World War, particularly with the United States of America, she had claimed to borrow an estimate of  £959 million. This was not the end however; even with the great lost in wealth (approximately a quarter of Britains wealth was lost) there was an introduction of liberal economic policies, which pushed Britains economy further down with slow growth rates and high unemployment. The national debt had increased 11 times what it used to be. Britain also had a streak of bad debts as she could not have expected repayment from loans given to Russia because of the communist takeover, nor could she expect the loans she lent to France because of the war damages France had incurred. To manage her empire Britain decided to implement her Ten Year Rule, it stated that she did not expect to fight another war for at least ten years. As such there were major defense budget cuts to make up for the debt owed. This impact as would be expected further restricted Britains foreign policies. So the impact of the First World War significantly influenced and restricted Britains empire. Continuing into the early 20th century, Britain felt the wraith of the American economy In the 1930s Britain experienced unemployment of 22.8%, but then a decrease to 13.9% in 1936 to 10% in 1938. But also, Traditional industries such as textiles and coal mining were severely affected by the depression. So it was evident that there was even further decline in the manufacturing sector during this period. There was also deflation in the economy at the 1930s as prices for food and rent fell by approximately 15%. Into the Second World War Britain plummeted, and it emerged in greater financial upheaval. It lost about an average of 12% of its productive capacity. By the 1940s British exports were in a decline by 35% as compared to 1935. Britain had almost exhausted its gold and dollar reserves on ammunitions, raw materials and some industrial equipment. Britain had even borrowed a further $31.4 billion dollars from the United States, as it was estimated near bankruptcy. So after the Second World War, Britain had lost support from the United States lend lease program, which was said to be the life support of Britain at that time. Now with its huge lost in wealth the two world wars began to take its toll on Britain. So after supporting Britain in the wars, countries demanded their independence, and decolonization started with Indias independence in 1947. Britain was also losing its old markets as commonwealth agreements were made to only do regional trade with local and regional entities. It is here Britain took a strong structural change from the manufacturing industry towards the services industry, in this regard many industrialized parts of Britain was left in a steady state. There were then packages with the intent of nationalization, as government tried to take hold of the economy. Devaluation of the pound was made, Britains economy still experienced low growth rates, and the new Labor government was unable to solve the problem. In came the famous Margaret Thatcher who implemented many economic reforms, leading to deregulation and privatization of major industries. Competition policy was the forefront of her ideology which replaced that of industrial policy. This resulted in high unemployment rates, but subsequently led to significant increases in growth rates. The British economy continued to experience rapid growth straight into the 1990s, with the exception for the recession experienced in the early quarters of the 1990s. Advances in technology continued to help the British economy and the conservatives kept rule until 1997, when they were taken over by Tony Blairs labor party. Blair introduced policies to reduce unemployment, gave power to the Bank of England to set interest rates and then introduced the minimum wage in Britain. But the Blair government decided to stick with the spending plans of the conservatives, and the economy kept on moving. Heading into the 21st century, the labor party increased taxes and borrowing, utilizing the money for public services. The growth rates in this era were kept constant, but the pound value fluctuated. The Britain kingdom was fairly well off, during the 21st century until it experienced the 2008 great recession, which was deemed as the worst recession since the Second World War. POST INDUSTRIALIZATION ANALYSIS As stated in the beginning, this period is defined as that in which Britains economy made a transition from a manufacturing based system to a financial based system. The aim of our paper is to understand how capitalism changed (transitioned) from the previous periods into this one. We have noted that this change in Britains economy was not the result of one particular factor; it was the agglomeration of many important fragments. It had begun with the simultaneous changes in the populace, capital accumulation and world trade. But it was more so propelled by the impacts of the two world wars and the many changes that stemmed from them. As compared to the previous two periods it was realized that the people of Britain had no say in any decisions being made for the country unless they had some significant amount of capital. Due to many constitutional reforms by the state this defining phenomenon of the populace had changed. The force behind these reforms came from pressures behind new founded labor institutions such as the trade unions. The need of these institutions, however, had originally stemmed from the pressure the industrialized period placed on its laborers. The world trade had laid upon Britain an enchantment of the profit motive. But guided by policy systems and development of financial institutions the profit motive inhibited growth in Britains domestic investment. This restriction led to a gradual decrease in Britains comparative advantage in the industrial world market. But although the profit motive had caused Britain to eventually export more than they import, it had changed Britains national accounting figures. So the profit motive had transformed Britains economy as it became more dependent on increases in invisible trade and not so much on the production and exports of goods. Capital accumulation and the profit motive however were not the sole signatories to the reforms in Britain, its necessary to make mention of the impact of technology on the system. At the beginning of the industrial period Britain had the advantage because they had the best technology in the world. But this did not stay as such, since given time, the major inventions in the world were not British. Some argue this was because technology booms are random and usually are only directly affected by significant investments in research and development. Britain had fought two world wars and it had emerged victorious but not without its economical burdens. After the first world war Britain had to restrict is international polices as it incurred major national debt. But after the Second World War, Britain was hanging on to America to keep functioning. It had lost nations due to demand for decolonization, and it lost world markets due to new trade restrictions from Caribbean countries. The promotion of deregulation, privatization, and competition polices let to a recovery of the economy. Monetary policies were transformed- allowing the Bank of England to set interest rates. These changes promoted massive growth of the British economy and the recovery of the system. It is also during this time frame that the government made decisions that define post industrialization today. The government set their famous safety nets in this period. They set: minimum wages, increase taxes and increase their public services. These safety nets are what vastly distinguish this period from previous ones, in the two previous ages there was no concern for the well being of the British populace as compared to the post industrial age. Britains Development via Industrialization A Critical Analysis As outlined in the heart of this paper Britain had traveled through three periods each leading successfully to the next. The paper seeks to illustrate how essential the fundamental elements of capitalism are to a nations development. It identifies the uniqueness of capitalism and its resilience in light of contradictory forces. There had been fierce debate over the roles of government and the effectiveness/fairness of protectionist policies in national development. Contrary to modern literature and advocates for free trade, Britains advantage in the industrial period (protection of infant industries) was maintained by strong protectionist measures and governments hand at each door step of the economy, (from the 17th to 18th centuries). The philosophy/ideology of mercantilism reigned for at least a hundred years: the belief that the source of a nations wealth is through the barring of imports whilst boosting exports. This gave Britains industries an advantage of a hundred years. Sectors were able to develop, change and learn from their mistakes. Most importantly, they were able to become efficient and specialist within their fie